Today I want to share with you a fascinating story from Science Daily on how the invasive reed Phragmites australis manages to suppress other wetland plants by taking advantage of the biochemical activities of native plant roots and native microbes in the soil.  Apparently, “Phrag”, as it is known to those of us who are all too familiar with it, releases larger-than-usual amounts of compounds called gallotannins, which are initially harmless.  BUT, when enzymes produced by microbes in the root zone of the soil (as well as by the roots of some native wetland plants) get hold of the gallotannins, they convert them to toxic gallic acid.  The gallic acid actually destroys the structural integrity of plant roots by breaking down the tubulin protein that helps keep the roots rigid.

Unlike many other examples of allelopathy, the chemicals secreted by the invasive Phragmites don’t do the damage themselves, but take advantage of enzyme activity already present in the soil of native plant communities!  How fortuitous for the invader!  What isn’t known yet is how the invasive strains of Phragmites are themselves able to resist damage from gallic acid present in the soil.  Research like this is revealing that complex underground warfare between plants is much more common (and more fascinating) than we once thought!

The research, conducted by investigators at the University of Delaware, was published in the December 2009 issue of the journal Plant Physiology.  You can download the full PDF here.

For more information on Phragmites, the threats it poses to wetland ecosystems, and its identification and control, check out the Plant Conservation Alliance’s Phrag page or download a free copy of my publication, Mistaken Identity?  Invasive Plants and their Native Look-alikes: an Identification Guide for the Mid-Atlantic.

What’s the issue? In short, the Farm Services Agency is accepting public comments on the environmental impact of two possible policy alternatives for the Conservation Reserve Program, an important mechanism for protection of wildlife habitat and biodiversity on working farms.

Here’s a little background.  The CRP (Conservation Reserve Program) is a land retirement program administered by the Farm Services Agency (FSA), and implemented by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).  Basically, the government pays eligible farmers an annual rental rate for taking cropland or certain marginal pastureland out of production and keeping it that way for the life of the CRP contract (10-15 years).  In addition, farmers receive a cost-share assistance payment for “practices” they install on the enrolled acres, including wildlife habitat plantings, erosion control, riparian buffers, etc.

With more than 33 million acres enrolled in CRP nationwide, the program has become an important tool for conservation of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.  Grassland birds, insect pollinators, quail and other upland game birds, and many additional species use CRP land.

Now, however, the number of acres enrolled in CRP is likely to be threatened by the economic reality of our times.  With corn and cellulosic biofuel production receiving considerable economic and political support, CRP rental rates are unlikely to be high enough for farmers to maintain land in the program.  The “opportunity costs” of CRP, i.e. the potential earnings for biofuel production, are increasing.  I wrote about this issue in a previous post, Biofuels and Habitat Loss, which also provides further background on CRP for those of you who are unfamiliar with the program.

At the same time that biofuels are threatening to reduce CRP acreage via economic competition, FSA is considering (see Alternative 2 below) reducing the CRP acreage enrollment cap from 32 million acres (the cap authorized in the 2008 Farm Bill) to 24 million acres, a full 25% reduction.  Alternative 2 also cuts the acreage cap for so-called targeted enrollment programs by a combined 50%.  These programs include state partnerships like the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) and State Acres for Wildlife (SAFE), as well as Continuous CRP, as well as special initiatives.  All of these programs are enhanced versions of CRP that allow targeted enrollment for particular wildlife species or habitats, including species of conservation concern.

Alternative 2 would also nix plans for a separate pollinator habitat practice under CRP.  This is challenging because it means that standard cost-share rates for existing practices would have to be used for pollinator habitat creation, a practice that is generally significantly more expensive (due to high plant materials costs) than other traditional conservation practices.

You can review the public meeting slide presentation prepared by GeoMarine, Inc. here. The following comparison of alternatives is taken from this presentation.

I just spoke with an FSA representative who informed me that, while the two alternatives are currently being presented as two discrete alternatives covering all the provisions, those providing comments should feel free to voice support for either alternative in each provision.  In other words, if you agree with Alternative 1 for several provisions, but Alternative 2 for a few other provisions, you can state that in your comments.

Please take a few minutes to provide your comments on this important issue at the comment page on the GeoMarine, Inc. web site.  Wildlife that depends on our agricultural landscapes is depending on you to make your voice heard.

The pinkish-violet blossom of spotted knapweed.

I first noticed knapweed blooming on our wildlife sanctuary property in Pennsylvania about five years ago, at the same time that I started to seriously consider the possibilities for habitat management on the site.  Knapweed control was one of my first projects on the property.  Since I knew that mowing was counter-productive (causing the plants to flower at a lower height), I decided to pull the knapweed by hand.  I’ve repeated the process for four years, and have eliminated spread of the plant while steadily reducing the seed bank at the main introduction site.  Because spotted knapweed seedlings assume a low-growing rosette form during their first year and don’t bolt and bloom until their second year or later, I’ve been able to track my success by noting a significant reduction in rosettes (a few dozen this year compared to countless hundreds during the first year of two of treatment).

Unfortunately, Spotted Knapweed is a highly favored bee plant, used heavily by native bumblebee species.  It’s always emotionally taxing for me to pull, bag and dispose of the knapweed with bumblebees crawling all over the blossoms as I work.  This brings me to one of my take-home messages in invasive species control and restoration: in degraded habitats, native species often rely heavily on invasive plants because the diversity of native plants has been reduced.  It is important to know what native insect and wildlife species rely on the invasive plant you are removing.  Then, when planning a restoration, try to plant (or enhance habitat for) native plants that provide resources at the same time of year as the invasive.  In my case, I’m working on restoring some meadows that will hopefully make up for (from a bee perspective) the eventual disappearance of my knapweed stand.

Spotted knapweed is an invasive plant, but is used extensively by native bumblebees

Since I’ve been working on this population for several years with a good deal of success, I thought I’d share a brief description of my spotted knapweed manual removal method.

Here are a few important points:

1. Get a good digging tool – I have tried various things – heavy clawhammers to grab and yank roots, various hand tiller/weeder/fork type things, etc.  I’ve recently settled on a well-balanced, heavy-duty, and inexpensive digging tool  (see the photo below) that I picked up at the friendly neighborhood home improvement warehouse.
2. Pull plants during their bloom period and before they’ve gone to seed.  Be sure to bag and dispose of the plants in a landfill, to avoid dispersing seed or root fragments.  A good rain just before (or even during) pulling makes the job much easier.
3. Be patient when pulling and learn to stop and dig more when you feel that the root is about to snap.  Pieces of root left in the ground will sprout the following year.
4. Don’t dig right at the base of the plant – you risk cutting through the root, which often twists to one side or another a few inches down.  Instead, loosen the soil about 5-6 inches from the base of the plant.

Here’s the process illustrated:

This is my tool of choice: a beveled, pointed blade on one end (used the most) and a straight blade on the other. The pointed blade sinks well into the shale soils where my infestation occurs.

Many stems usually radiate from a single root crown of older Spotted Knapweed plants. It's important to gather all the stems up to get a good grip on the plant for pulling.

Strike the ground about 5-6" from the base of the plant and loosen the soil, prying up with the tool while pulling straight up on the plant. Pulling at an angle makes it more likely that you'll break the root.

The root system should pull up cleanly if you loosen the soil enough and slowly pull upward on the plant.

The root crown can be quite broad on robust plants, or much smaller with fewer fibrous roots on stressed plants.

Please let me know if you have had success with other spotted knapweed control methods.  I have considered trying Milestone, a selective herbicide that is supposedly quite effective on both knapweed and thistles.  So far, I haven’t needed to resort to spraying though, since manual removal has been working well and at this point only takes me about a day each year to complete.  Now if only I could eliminate my crown vetch, smooth brome, and reed-canary grass this easily!

Situated on the western slope of Chestnut Ridge, the property climbs over 400 feet in a little over half a mile.  The walk from the stream bank of Laurel Run to the top of a high, grassy knoll on the eastern end of the property tests the aerobic fitness of most visitors, myself included.

Once atop the hill, a panoramic view to the west awaits.  Sunsets here are magnificent, and on clear days the towers of the Pittsburgh skyline some 35 miles distant are clearly visible.  Because our parcel is only part of a 200+ acre reclaimed strip mine, the property has hosted area-sensitive grassland birds for many years.  Recently, however, Black Locust, Tree-of-heaven, Autumn Olive, and other woody vegetation have been gradually shrinking the available habitat for these grassland specialists.

To combat the loss of grassland habitat to succession, fight invasive species, and plant natives, we enrolled in the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program (WHIP).  The cost-share assistance provided by this program has allowed us to begin restoring habitat on the property.  We’re in the fourth year of our WHIP contract, and the restoration work is steadily progressing.  I’ve added a new page, titled Sanctuary, to the main site, with a PayPal button so you can contribute to our efforts if you’d like to help us out!

Look for more on the restoration progress and the biota of the property in upcoming posts!